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ww/examples/mandelbrot/mandelbrot.ww

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// mandelbrot — ASCII Mandelbrot set, printed via libc.
//
// What this proves:
// 1. ww does f64 arithmetic (mul, add, sub, div) end to end.
// 2. The @symbol FFI mechanism binds write() from libc.so.6.
// 3. w6l's dynamic linker (PT_INTERP + PT_DYNAMIC + PLT/GOT) reaches
// a real .so at runtime — `ldd mandelbrot` shows libc.so.6 as a
// NEEDED entry.
//
// We use libc's `write` (a thin syscall wrapper) rather than `putchar`
// because the runtime here doesn't call __libc_start_main, so stdio
// state stays uninitialised and putchar's buffer is never flushed.
//
// Build: see ./Makefile. No cc — pure ww toolchain.
@symbol("write") fn c_write(fd: i32, buf: *void, n: u64) i64;
def W: i32 = 78;
def H: i32 = 30;
def MAXI: i32 = 80;
// Number of iterations before |z| escapes |z|>2, capped at MAXI.
fn iterate(cr: f64, ci: f64) i32 = {
let zr: f64 = 0.0;
let zi: f64 = 0.0;
let i: i32 = 0;
for (i < MAXI) {
let zr2: f64 = zr * zr;
let zi2: f64 = zi * zi;
if (zr2 + zi2 > 4.0) { return i; };
let nz: f64 = zr2 - zi2 + cr;
zi = (2.0 * zr) * zi + ci;
zr = nz;
i += 1;
};
return MAXI;
};
// Pick an ASCII glyph by escape iteration count. Inside the set
// (n == MAXI) renders as space — the classic look.
fn shade(n: i32) i32 = {
if (n >= MAXI) { return ' ': i32; };
let chars: str = " .:-=+*#%@";
let idx: i32 = (n * chars.len) / MAXI;
if (idx >= chars.len) { idx = chars.len - 1; };
return chars[idx]: i32;
};
export fn main() i32 = {
// Classic Mandelbrot window. The y range is squashed to W/H so
// the picture looks roughly proportional in a terminal cell.
//
// XXX ww's compiler currently emits positive bit patterns for
// negative f64 literals (the unary minus is dropped during
// codegen). As a workaround we build negatives via 0.0 - x.
let z: f64 = 0.0;
let xmin: f64 = z - 2.5;
let xmax: f64 = 1.0;
let ymin: f64 = z - 1.1;
let ymax: f64 = 1.1;
let dx: f64 = (xmax - xmin) / (W: f64);
let dy: f64 = (ymax - ymin) / (H: f64);
// Compose the picture into a row buffer, then flush per row to
// avoid one libc call per character.
let row: [128]u8;
let y: i32 = 0;
for (y < H) {
let ci: f64 = ymin + (y: f64) * dy;
let x: i32 = 0;
for (x < W) {
let cr: f64 = xmin + (x: f64) * dx;
let n: i32 = iterate(cr, ci);
row[x] = (shade(n)): u8;
x += 1;
};
row[W] = 10u8; // '\n'
c_write(1, row.ptr: *void, (W + 1): u64);
y += 1;
};
return 0;
};