diff --git a/gtk/main.c b/gtk/main.c
index 0fa2e5d..09f443d 100644
--- a/gtk/main.c
+++ b/gtk/main.c
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ setpreedit(Im *im, const char *s, int n)
 
 	if(n < 0 || n > Ipcfieldmax)
 		n = 0;
-	if(n == im->prelen && memcmp(im->pre, s, n) == 0)
+	if(n == 0 && im->prelen == 0)
 		return;
 	was = im->prelen;
 	if(n > 0)
@@ -94,12 +94,10 @@ validtext(const char *s, size_t n)
 }
 
 static int
-readresp(Im *im, int want, int update, char *commit, int ncommit,
+readresp(Im *im, int want, char *commit, int ncommit, char *pre, int npre,
 	Ipcresp *resp)
 {
-	char pre[Ipcfieldmax+1];
-
-	if(ipcreadresp(im->fd, want, commit, ncommit, pre, sizeof pre,
+	if(ipcreadresp(im->fd, want, commit, ncommit, pre, npre,
 	   resp) < 0)
 		return -1;
 	if(!validtext(commit, resp->commitlen) ||
@@ -107,8 +105,6 @@ readresp(Im *im, int want, int update, char *commit, int ncommit,
 		errno = EPROTO;
 		return -1;
 	}
-	if(update)
-		setpreedit(im, pre, resp->preeditlen);
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -199,6 +195,7 @@ srvconnect(Im *im)
 {
 	unsigned char buf[Ipcreqsz];
 	char commit[Ipcfieldmax+1];
+	char pre[Ipcfieldmax+1];
 	Ipcresp resp;
 
 	if(im->fd >= 0)
@@ -209,11 +206,13 @@ srvconnect(Im *im)
 	/* Marker zero is an old daemon's harmless key-zero response. */
 	ipcpackcap(buf, im->usepreedit);
 	if(ipcsend(im->fd, buf, sizeof buf) < 0 ||
-	   readresp(im, im->usepreedit, im->usepreedit, commit,
-	   sizeof commit, &resp) < 0){
+	   readresp(im, im->usepreedit, commit, sizeof commit,
+	   pre, sizeof pre, &resp) < 0){
 		srvclose(im);
 		return -1;
 	}
+	if(im->usepreedit)
+		setpreedit(im, pre, resp.preeditlen);
 	im->ext = resp.eaten != 0;
 	if(!im->usepreedit)
 		setpreedit(im, "", 0);
@@ -293,6 +292,7 @@ sendreset(Im *im)
 {
 	unsigned char buf[Ipcreqsz];
 	char commit[Ipcfieldmax+1];
+	char pre[Ipcfieldmax+1];
 	Ipcresp resp;
 
 	if(im->fd < 0){
@@ -301,8 +301,8 @@ sendreset(Im *im)
 	}
 	ipcpackreset(buf, im->usepreedit);
 	if(ipcsend(im->fd, buf, sizeof buf) < 0 ||
-	   readresp(im, im->usepreedit, 0, commit,
-	   sizeof commit, &resp) < 0){
+	   readresp(im, im->usepreedit, commit, sizeof commit,
+	   pre, sizeof pre, &resp) < 0){
 		srvclose(im);
 		return;
 	}
@@ -315,6 +315,7 @@ kpress(GtkIMContext *ctx, GdkEventKey *ev)
 	Im *im;
 	unsigned char buf[Ipcreqsz];
 	char commit[Ipcfieldmax+1];
+	char pre[Ipcfieldmax+1];
 	uint32_t key, mod;
 	Ipcresp resp;
 
@@ -339,13 +340,15 @@ kpress(GtkIMContext *ctx, GdkEventKey *ev)
 	}
 	ipcpackreq(buf, im->usepreedit, mod, key);
 	if(ipcsend(im->fd, buf, sizeof buf) < 0 ||
-	   readresp(im, im->usepreedit, im->usepreedit, commit,
-	   sizeof commit, &resp) < 0){
+	   readresp(im, im->usepreedit, commit, sizeof commit,
+	   pre, sizeof pre, &resp) < 0){
 		srvclose(im);
 		return simplefilter(ctx, ev, 0);
 	}
 	if(commit[0] != '\0')
 		g_signal_emit_by_name(ctx, "commit", commit);
+	if(im->usepreedit)
+		setpreedit(im, pre, resp.preeditlen);
 	if(resp.eaten)
 		return TRUE;
 	return simplefilter(ctx, ev, 0);
@@ -407,6 +410,7 @@ setusepreedit(GtkIMContext *ctx, gboolean use)
 	Im *im;
 	unsigned char buf[Ipcreqsz];
 	char commit[Ipcfieldmax+1];
+	char pre[Ipcfieldmax+1];
 	Ipcresp resp;
 
 	im = (Im*)ctx;
@@ -422,11 +426,14 @@ setusepreedit(GtkIMContext *ctx, gboolean use)
 		return;
 	ipcpackcap(buf, use);
 	if(ipcsend(im->fd, buf, sizeof buf) < 0 ||
-	   readresp(im, use, use, commit, sizeof commit, &resp) < 0 ||
+	   readresp(im, use, commit, sizeof commit,
+	   pre, sizeof pre, &resp) < 0 ||
 	   !resp.eaten){
 		srvclose(im);
 		return;
 	}
+	if(use)
+		setpreedit(im, pre, resp.preeditlen);
 }
 
 static void
diff --git a/ibus.c b/ibus.c
index e7de213..83c295b 100644
--- a/ibus.c
+++ b/ibus.c
@@ -55,10 +55,12 @@ static int icctr;
 static int busctr;
 static Channel *replyc;
 static const char ibusowner[] = ":1.0";
+static Ictx *preowner;
 
 static DBusHandlerResult onmsg(DBusConnection*, DBusMessage*, void*);
 static DBusHandlerResult handleerror(DBusConnection*, DBusMessage*,
 	const char*, const char*);
+static void checkpreowner(void);
 
 static void
 unlinkaddr(void)
@@ -355,6 +357,8 @@ static void
 dropcontext(Ictx *ctx)
 {
 	releasecontext(ctx);
+	if(preowner == ctx)
+		preowner = nil;
 	memset(ctx, 0, sizeof *ctx);
 }
 
@@ -382,6 +386,8 @@ processkey(Ictx *ctx, u32int sym, u32int state, Keyres *res)
 	if(state & Relmask || !ctx->focused || hidden(ctx))
 		return 0;
 	sendrequest(ctx, Keypress, kget(sym), mget(state), res);
+	if(preowner != nil && preowner != ctx)
+		checkpreowner();
 	return 1;
 }
 
@@ -488,10 +494,29 @@ emitpreedit(Ictx *ctx, const char *text)
 		dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&it, DBUS_TYPE_UINT32, &mode);
 	}
 	dbus_message_set_sender(sig, ibusowner);
-	dbus_connection_send(ctx->conn, sig, nil);
+	if(dbus_connection_send(ctx->conn, sig, nil)){
+		if(text[0] != '\0')
+			preowner = ctx;
+		else if(preowner == ctx)
+			preowner = nil;
+	}
 	dbus_message_unref(sig);
 }
 
+static void
+checkpreowner(void)
+{
+	Ictx *ctx;
+	Keyres res;
+
+	ctx = preowner;
+	if(ctx == nil)
+		return;
+	sendrequest(ctx, Keycap, 0, 0, &res);
+	if(!res.eaten)
+		emitpreedit(ctx, "");
+}
+
 static DBusHandlerResult
 handlehello(DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *m)
 {
@@ -1183,5 +1208,6 @@ ibusthread(void *_)
 			while(dbus_connection_dispatch(conns[i]) == DBUS_DISPATCH_DATA_REMAINS)
 				;
 		pruneconns();
+		checkpreowner();
 	}
 }
diff --git a/tests/engine_test.c b/tests/engine_test.c
index 02fa826..aacc0d9 100644
--- a/tests/engine_test.c
+++ b/tests/engine_test.c
@@ -396,7 +396,25 @@ engine_active_owner_caret(struct ct *t)
 void
 engine_commit_contract(struct ct *t)
 {
-	Str com;
+	Keyres res;
+	Str all, com;
+	char owner;
+	int i;
+
+	init();
+	im.l = getlang(LangKO);
+	sclear(&all);
+	for(i = 0; i < 3; i++){
+		res = ownerrequestcap(&owner, Cclientpreedit,
+			Keypress, 'z', 0);
+		CT_CHECK(t, res.eaten);
+		checkstr(t, "repeated consonant commit",
+			i == 0 ? "" : "ㅋ", &res.commit);
+		checkstr(t, "repeated consonant preedit", "ㅋ", &res.preedit);
+		sappend(&all, &res.commit);
+	}
+	sappend(&all, &res.preedit);
+	checkstr(t, "repeated consonant total", "ㅋㅋㅋ", &all);
 
 	init();
 	im.l = getlang(LangJP);
diff --git a/tests/gtk_live_test.c b/tests/gtk_live_test.c
index f264089..9c4b05a 100644
--- a/tests/gtk_live_test.c
+++ b/tests/gtk_live_test.c
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ enum
 enum
 {
 	Rnormal,
+	Rcommitpre,
 	Rbadcommit,
 	Rbadpreedit,
 };
@@ -156,7 +157,10 @@ sendresponse(Server *s, int fd, int eaten, int want, int key)
 	commit = "";
 	ncommit = 0;
 	npreedit = strlen(pre);
-	if(key && response == Rbadcommit){
+	if(key && response == Rcommitpre){
+		commit = pre;
+		ncommit = npreedit;
+	}else if(key && response == Rbadcommit){
 		commit = "\xc3(";
 		ncommit = 2;
 	}else if(key && response == Rbadpreedit){
@@ -581,6 +585,7 @@ commit(GtkIMContext *ctx, gchar *s, Siglog *l)
 {
 	(void)ctx;
 	snprintf(l->commit, sizeof l->commit, "%s", s);
+	l->pre[0] = '\0';
 	logsig(l, 'K');
 }
 
@@ -721,7 +726,7 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 	rect.height = 19;
 	gtk_im_context_set_cursor_location(ctx, &rect);
 	Check(eventcount(&srv) == 0, "cursor reporting opened the socket");
-	setpre(&srv, "pre");
+	setpre(&srv, "");
 	Check(key(ctx, win, GDK_KEY_a), "initial key was not eaten");
 	Check(waitcount(&srv, 3), "initial protocol frames timed out");
 	e = getevent(&srv, 0);
@@ -739,8 +744,22 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 		(oy + rect.y) * scale, rect.height * scale);
 	e = getevent(&srv, 2);
 	Check(e.type == Ekey && e.want == 1, "initial key framing changed");
-	Check(strcmp(log.event, "SC") == 0 && strcmp(log.pre, "pre") == 0,
-		"initial preedit signals were %s (%s)", log.event, log.pre);
+	Check(log.n == 0, "initial empty preedit emitted %s", log.event);
+	setpre(&srv, "ㅋ");
+	clearlog(&log);
+	Check(key(ctx, win, GDK_KEY_z), "first preedit key was not eaten");
+	Check(strcmp(log.event, "SC") == 0 && strcmp(log.pre, "ㅋ") == 0,
+		"first preedit signals were %s (%s)", log.event, log.pre);
+	clearlog(&log);
+	setreply(&srv, 1, Rcommitpre, 0);
+	Check(key(ctx, win, GDK_KEY_z), "repeated preedit key was not eaten");
+	Check(strcmp(log.event, "KC") == 0 &&
+		strcmp(log.commit, "ㅋ") == 0 && strcmp(log.pre, "ㅋ") == 0,
+		"repeated preedit signals were %s (commit %s, preedit %s)",
+		log.event, log.commit, log.pre);
+	Check(g_utf8_strlen(log.commit, -1) + g_utf8_strlen(log.pre, -1) == 2,
+		"two physical keys produced commit %s and preedit %s",
+		log.commit, log.pre);
 
 	/* Unconsumed input uses GtkIMContextSimple, including its stateful forms. */
 	setpre(&srv, "");
diff --git a/tests/ibus_client_smoke.c b/tests/ibus_client_smoke.c
index e04f90d..cfcbb2f 100644
--- a/tests/ibus_client_smoke.c
+++ b/tests/ibus_client_smoke.c
@@ -8,12 +8,19 @@ typedef struct Log Log;
 struct Log
 {
 	GMainLoop	*loop;
+	int		*waiting;
+	IBusInputContext	*a;
+	IBusInputContext	*clearctx;
 	int	legacy;
 	int	modern;
 	int	commit;
 	int	invalid;
 	int	sawpreedit;
 	int	sawcommit;
+	int	done;
+	int	transfer;
+	int	atext;
+	int	aclear;
 };
 
 static void
@@ -38,10 +45,25 @@ legacy(IBusInputContext *ctx, IBusText *text, guint cursor,
 		   a->start_index != 0 || a->end_index != 1 ||
 		   ibus_attr_list_get(attrs, 1) != NULL)
 			log->invalid = 1;
-		else
+		else{
 			log->sawpreedit = 1;
+			if(log->transfer && ctx == log->a)
+				log->atext = 1;
+		}
 	}
-	if(log->loop != NULL && log->sawpreedit && log->sawcommit)
+	if(log->transfer && log->atext && !log->aclear && s[0] == '\0'){
+		if(cursor != 0 || visible)
+			log->invalid = 1;
+		else{
+			log->clearctx = ctx;
+			if(ctx == log->a)
+				log->aclear = 1;
+			else
+				log->invalid = 1;
+		}
+	}
+	log->done = log->sawpreedit && log->sawcommit;
+	if(log->loop != NULL && log->waiting != NULL && *log->waiting)
 		g_main_loop_quit(log->loop);
 }
 
@@ -80,7 +102,8 @@ commit(IBusInputContext *ctx, IBusText *text, void *arg)
 		log->invalid = 1;
 	else
 		log->sawcommit = 1;
-	if(log->loop != NULL && log->sawpreedit && log->sawcommit)
+	log->done = log->sawpreedit && log->sawcommit;
+	if(log->loop != NULL && log->waiting != NULL && *log->waiting)
 		g_main_loop_quit(log->loop);
 }
 
@@ -92,12 +115,13 @@ timeout(void *arg)
 }
 
 static int
-waitdone(Log *log)
+waitflag(Log *log, int *flag)
 {
 	guint timer;
 
-	if(log->sawpreedit && log->sawcommit)
+	if(*flag)
 		return 1;
+	log->waiting = flag;
 	log->loop = g_main_loop_new(NULL, FALSE);
 	timer = g_timeout_add_seconds(4, timeout, log->loop);
 	g_main_loop_run(log->loop);
@@ -105,14 +129,15 @@ waitdone(Log *log)
 		g_source_remove(timer);
 	g_main_loop_unref(log->loop);
 	log->loop = NULL;
-	return log->sawpreedit && log->sawcommit;
+	log->waiting = NULL;
+	return *flag;
 }
 
 int
 main(int argc, char **argv)
 {
 	IBusBus *bus;
-	IBusInputContext *ctx;
+	IBusInputContext *a, *b;
 	Log log;
 	int ok;
 
@@ -127,6 +152,7 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 		return 1;
 	}
 	memset(&log, 0, sizeof log);
+	b = NULL;
 	ibus_init();
 	bus = ibus_bus_new();
 	if(bus == NULL || !ibus_bus_is_connected(bus)){
@@ -134,36 +160,56 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 		if(bus != NULL) g_object_unref(bus);
 		return 1;
 	}
-	ctx = ibus_bus_create_input_context(bus, "strans-libibus-smoke");
-	if(ctx == NULL){
+	a = ibus_bus_create_input_context(bus, "strans-libibus-smoke-a");
+	if(a == NULL){
 		fprintf(stderr, "ibus_client_smoke: cannot create input context\n");
 		g_object_unref(bus);
 		return 1;
 	}
-	g_signal_connect(ctx, "update-preedit-text", G_CALLBACK(legacy), &log);
-	g_signal_connect(ctx, "update-preedit-text-with-mode", G_CALLBACK(modern),
+	log.a = a;
+	g_signal_connect(a, "update-preedit-text", G_CALLBACK(legacy), &log);
+	g_signal_connect(a, "update-preedit-text-with-mode", G_CALLBACK(modern),
 		&log);
-	g_signal_connect(ctx, "commit-text", G_CALLBACK(commit), &log);
-	ibus_input_context_set_capabilities(ctx, IBUS_CAP_PREEDIT_TEXT);
-	ibus_input_context_focus_in(ctx);
-	ok = ibus_input_context_process_key_event(ctx, 'n', 0, IBUS_CONTROL_MASK) &&
-		ibus_input_context_process_key_event(ctx, 'k', 0, 0) &&
-		ibus_input_context_process_key_event(ctx, 'a', 0, 0) &&
-		ibus_input_context_process_key_event(ctx, '0', 0, 0) &&
-		waitdone(&log);
-	ibus_input_context_focus_out(ctx);
-	if(log.legacy == 0 || log.modern != 0 || log.commit != 1 ||
-	   log.invalid || !log.sawpreedit || !log.sawcommit)
+	g_signal_connect(a, "commit-text", G_CALLBACK(commit), &log);
+	ibus_input_context_set_capabilities(a, IBUS_CAP_PREEDIT_TEXT);
+	ibus_input_context_focus_in(a);
+	ok = ibus_input_context_process_key_event(a, 'n', 0, IBUS_CONTROL_MASK) &&
+		ibus_input_context_process_key_event(a, 'k', 0, 0) &&
+		ibus_input_context_process_key_event(a, 'a', 0, 0) &&
+		ibus_input_context_process_key_event(a, '0', 0, 0) &&
+		waitflag(&log, &log.done);
+	b = ibus_bus_create_input_context(bus, "strans-libibus-smoke-b");
+	if(b == NULL)
 		ok = 0;
-	g_object_unref(ctx);
+	else{
+		g_signal_connect(b, "update-preedit-text", G_CALLBACK(legacy), &log);
+		g_signal_connect(b, "update-preedit-text-with-mode",
+			G_CALLBACK(modern), &log);
+		ibus_input_context_set_capabilities(b, IBUS_CAP_PREEDIT_TEXT);
+		log.transfer = 1;
+		ok = ok && ibus_input_context_process_key_event(a, 'k', 0, 0) &&
+			waitflag(&log, &log.atext);
+		ibus_input_context_focus_in(b);
+		ok = ok && ibus_input_context_process_key_event(b, 'n', 0, 0) &&
+			waitflag(&log, &log.aclear);
+		ibus_input_context_focus_out(b);
+	}
+	ibus_input_context_focus_out(a);
+	if(log.legacy == 0 || log.modern != 0 || log.commit != 1 ||
+	   log.invalid || !log.done || !log.atext || !log.aclear ||
+	   log.clearctx != a)
+		ok = 0;
+	if(b != NULL)
+		g_object_unref(b);
+	g_object_unref(a);
 	g_object_unref(bus);
 	if(!ok){
 		fprintf(stderr,
-			"ibus_client_smoke: legacy=%d modern=%d commit=%d invalid=%d preedit=%d committed=%d\n",
+			"ibus_client_smoke: legacy=%d modern=%d commit=%d invalid=%d preedit=%d committed=%d transfer-text=%d a-clear=%d\n",
 			log.legacy, log.modern, log.commit, log.invalid,
-			log.sawpreedit, log.sawcommit);
+			log.sawpreedit, log.sawcommit, log.atext, log.aclear);
 		return 1;
 	}
-	printf("official libibus client preedit and commit: ok\n");
+	printf("official libibus client preedit, commit, and owner clear: ok\n");
 	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/tests/ibus_test.c b/tests/ibus_test.c
index 2e91fbb..f7313d2 100644
--- a/tests/ibus_test.c
+++ b/tests/ibus_test.c
@@ -199,6 +199,7 @@ ibusbegin(struct ct *t, Ibusfix *f)
 	memset(contexts, 0, sizeof contexts);
 	memset(conns, 0, sizeof conns);
 	nconns = 0;
+	preowner = nil;
 	while(channbrecv(drawc, &dc) > 0)
 		;
 	testengineinit(LangEN);
@@ -234,6 +235,7 @@ ibusend(Ibusfix *f)
 	memset(contexts, 0, sizeof contexts);
 	memset(conns, 0, sizeof conns);
 	nconns = 0;
+	preowner = nil;
 	testengineinit(LangEN);
 	while(channbrecv(drawc, &dc) > 0)
 		;