diff --git a/map/english.map b/map/english.map
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29..0000000
diff --git a/map/hangul.map b/map/hangul.map
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29..0000000
diff --git a/strans.c b/strans.c
index c1c1e39..5ac1018 100644
--- a/strans.c
+++ b/strans.c
@@ -18,17 +18,11 @@ struct Search
 };
 static Search search;
 
-static void
-backmap(Im *im)
-{
-	spopr(&im->pre);
-}
-
 Lang langs[] = {
-	{LangEN,    "english", nil,      transmap, backmap, dictqmap, nil, nil},
+	{LangEN,    nil,       nil,      nil,      nil,     nil,      nil, nil},
 	{LangJP,    "hira",    "kanji",  transmap, backjp,  dictqjp,  nil, nil},
 	{LangJPK,   "kata",    nil,      transmap, backjp,  dictqjp,  nil, nil},
-	{LangKO,    "hangul",  nil,      transko,  backko,  dictqmap, nil, nil},
+	{LangKO,    nil,       nil,      transko,  backko,  nil,      nil, nil},
 	{LangEMOJI, nil,       "emoji",  nil,      nil,     nil,      nil, nil},
 	{LangVI,    "telex",   nil,      transvi,  backvi,  dictqmap, nil, nil},
 };
@@ -658,7 +652,8 @@ keystroke(u32int ks, u32int mod, Str *com)
 			reset();
 			return 1;
 		}
-		im.l->dictq(&im);
+		if(im.l->dictq != nil)
+			im.l->dictq(&im);
 		return 1;
 	}
 	if(ks == Kesc){
@@ -706,6 +701,8 @@ keystroke(u32int ks, u32int mod, Str *com)
 		reset();
 		return 1;
 	}
+	if(im.l->trans == nil)
+		return 0;
 	if(im.l->lang == LangKO)
 		ks = kokey(ks, mod);
 	n = dotrans(ks, com);
diff --git a/tests/engine_test.c b/tests/engine_test.c
index 390184e..bb6691a 100644
--- a/tests/engine_test.c
+++ b/tests/engine_test.c
@@ -246,6 +246,38 @@ engine_korean_modifiers_and_backspace(struct ct *t)
 	}
 }
 
+void
+engine_direct_language_modes(struct ct *t)
+{
+	Str com;
+
+	init();
+	sclear(&com);
+	CT_EQ_INT(t, LangEN, im.l->lang);
+	CT_EQ_PTR(t, nil, im.l->mapname);
+	CT_EQ_PTR(t, nil, im.l->map);
+	CT_EQ_PTR(t, nil, im.l->trans);
+	CT_CHECK(t, !keystroke('a', 0, &com));
+	CT_CHECK(t, !keystroke('Z', Mshift, &com));
+	checkstr(t, "English direct commit", "", &com);
+	CT_EQ_INT(t, 0, im.pre.n);
+	CT_EQ_INT(t, 0, im.raw.n);
+	CT_CHECK(t, keystroke('e', Mctrl, &com));
+	CT_CHECK(t, search.on);
+	CT_EQ_INT(t, LangEN, im.l->lang);
+	CT_CHECK(t, keystroke(Kesc, 0, &com));
+	CT_CHECK(t, !search.on);
+	CT_CHECK(t, keystroke('s', Mctrl, &com));
+	CT_EQ_INT(t, LangKO, im.l->lang);
+	CT_EQ_PTR(t, nil, im.l->mapname);
+	CT_EQ_PTR(t, nil, im.l->map);
+	CT_EQ_PTR(t, nil, im.l->dictq);
+	CT_CHECK(t, keystroke('r', 0, &com));
+	checkstr(t, "Korean without map", "ㄱ", &im.pre);
+	CT_CHECK(t, keystroke(Kback, 0, &com));
+	CT_EQ_INT(t, 0, im.pre.n);
+}
+
 void
 engine_language_switch_state(struct ct *t)
 {
diff --git a/tests/test.h b/tests/test.h
index 7641cac..91cfcf7 100644
--- a/tests/test.h
+++ b/tests/test.h
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ void	engine_commit_contract(struct ct*);
 void	engine_language_switch_state(struct ct*);
 void	engine_telex_history_bound(struct ct*);
 void	engine_korean_modifiers_and_backspace(struct ct*);
+void	engine_direct_language_modes(struct ct*);
 void	engine_japanese_readings(struct ct*);
 void	engine_japanese_candidates(struct ct*);
 void	engine_japanese_backspace_and_boundaries(struct ct*);
diff --git a/tests/unit_test.c b/tests/unit_test.c
index 667e509..e857557 100644
--- a/tests/unit_test.c
+++ b/tests/unit_test.c
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ static const struct ct_test tests[] = {
 	{ "engine/language-switch-state", engine_language_switch_state },
 	{ "engine/telex-history-bound", engine_telex_history_bound },
 	{ "engine/korean-modifiers-backspace", engine_korean_modifiers_and_backspace },
+	{ "engine/direct-language-modes", engine_direct_language_modes },
 	{ "engine/japanese-readings", engine_japanese_readings },
 	{ "engine/japanese-candidates", engine_japanese_candidates },
 	{ "engine/japanese-backspace-boundaries", engine_japanese_backspace_and_boundaries },